RESEARCH REPORT WORK

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORK

Citation

n  A reference or listing of the key pieces of information about a work that make it possible to identify and locate it again. The elements of a citation normally include author, title, place of publication, publisher, and date of publication for a book; and journal title, volume, number, issue, year, and page numbers for an article or for a journal  reference

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORK

Reference

n  What we quoted in the text consists of  author name (Not inverted), title and pages of sources it could be as footnote, at the end of chapter or at the end of thesis.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORK

Bibliography

n   In the context of academic research, a list of books or references to sources cited, for further reading, usually printed at the end of an article or in the back matter of a book includes author name inverted, title, year, place of publication, publisher.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORK

Foot Note 

n  Any note used to further explain a detail outside of the main text. The term usually refers to notes at the bottom of a page

OP Cited (for reference already given in list)

op. cited ref No 11, H.M Deitel

Ibid (for the same reference use )

Various Style Manuals

APA – American Psychological Association

MLA – Modern Language Association

Chicago Style – Chicago Manual of Style

Turabian Style – based on Chicago Style

Harvard Referencing System

ASA – American Sociological Association

CBE - Council of Biology Editors

What is the APA Style?

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

In 1929, the APA published a manual with instructions for authors on how to prepare manuscripts for publication in psychology journals

Later used for theses, term papers, etc.

Latest edition 5^th in 2001

Widely used in the social sciences

General Guidelines-1

Type or print on one side only of heavy, white, unruled paper

Paper size: 8½ X 11 inches

Double-space the entire paper

Left justify text only

Leave a minimum one-inch margin on the sides, top, and bottom of each page

Number pages consecutively in the top right corner, beginning with the title page

Just before the page number, use a shortened form of the title as a header

General Guidelines-2

Font size 12-point

Times Roman or Courier are acceptable typefaces

Only black toner

Indent paragraphs 5-7 spaces

No more than 27 lines of text per page

Headings

Five levels

CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING

Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

                                Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading, ending with a period, with following text starting on the same line.

Numbers

In general write as words all numbers from one to nine and use numerals for all numbers 10 and over.

Never begin a sentence with a numeral.

Seriation

Within paragraph or sentence: use lowercase letter in parentheses

                Participants considered (a) some alternative courses of action, (b) the factors influencing the decision, and (c) the probability of success.

Separate paragraphs: number each paragraph with an arabic numeral, followed by a period

                               

                                1. Begin with paragraph indent. Type second and succeeding lines flush left.

                                2. The second item begins a new paragraph.

Tables

Figures

Citations

In-text citation
                also called
                                Parenthetical citation
                                Author-date reference

Reference list

Information Needed for Citation

Author or Authoring Body

Date of publication

Title of the work

Publisher of the work & place of publication

Title of the Source, if work is part of something else, i.e.. journal, encyclopedia, website

Location information within the Source, i.e.. Volume, issue #, page or paragraph numbers

Retrieval date, if electronic format

Author’s Name in Sentence

                                Schwepps (1998) states that the solution sat dormant for several months before any of the employees tested it (p. 743).

Author’s Name in Parentheses

                                When the solution had been sitting for a number of months, the employees tested for bacteria (Schwepps, 1998).

Short Quotations

When fewer than 40 words

Put prose quotations in running text

Put quote marks around quoted material

Author’s last name, publication year, and page number(s) of quote must appear in the text

Example – Short Quotations

                                Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p. 11).

                                A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p. 11).

Long Quotations

When 40 words or more

In block form

Indent 5-7 spaces and omit the quotation marks.  If the quotation has internal paragraphs, indent the internal paragraphs a further 5-7 spaces

Do not use quotation marks

Double space the block quote

Cite the source after the end punctuation of the quote

Example – Long Quotations

Meile (1993) found the following:

  The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)

Secondary Reference

                                                In 1947 the World Health Organization proposed the following definition of health. “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity” (World Health Organization, as cited in Potter & Perry, 2001, p. 3).

Parenthetical Citations –
Multiple Authors

2 authors – cite both names separated by &       Example:
                (Kosik & Martin, 1999, p. 127)

3-5 authors – cite all authors first time; after first time, use et al.
Example:
                (Wilson et al., 2000)

6 or more authors – cite first author’s name and et al.
Example:
                (Perez et al., 1992)

Parenthetical Citations –
Multiple Citations

Multiple sources from same author – chronological order, separated by comma Example:
     (Burke, 1998, 1999, in press)

Within same year: 
Example:
     (Burke, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, in press)

Parenthetical Citations –
Multiple Citations

Multiple sources – separated by semicolon, alphabetical order
Example:
     (Burke, 1998; Perez, 1992; Wilhite, 2001)

Personal communication (not included in references)

    Example: 
    (T.K. Lutes, personal communication,
    September 19, 2001)

Handling Parenthetical Citations

Sometimes additional information is necessary . . .

More than one author with the same last name

                (H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)

Two or more works in the same parentheses

                (Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975; Showalter, 1997)

Specific part of a source

                (Jones, 1995, chap. 2)

Handling Parenthetical Citations

If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title:

                Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers”

                Citation: (“California,” 1999)

Sample Parenthetical Citations

                                Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects.  Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2).  Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).

                                However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions” (p. 6).

Reference List

Place the list of references cited at the end of the paper

Start references on a new page

Begin each entry flush with the left margin

Indent subsequent lines five to seven spaces (hanging indent)

Double space both within and between entries

Italicize the title of books, magazines, etc.

Capitalization in Reference List

Capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word after a colon or dash, and proper nouns in titles of books, articles, etc.

Capitalize all major words and all words of four letters or more in periodical titles.

Reference List Order

Arrange sources alphabetically beginning with author’s last name

If author has more than one source, arrange entries by year, earliest first

When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation as the first author of a group, list the one author entries first

If no author given, begin entry with the title and alphabetize without counting a, an, or the

Do not underline, italicize or use quote marks for titles used instead of an author name

Example – Reference List Order

n  Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control …

n  Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of …

n  Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors …

n  Kumpfer, K. L. (2002). Prevention …

n  Kumpfer, K. L., Alvarado, R., Smith, P., …

n  Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Preventions …

Group Author

American Psychological Association.

                                (2001). Publication manual of the

                                American             Psychological     Association (5^th ed.). Washington,

                                DC: Author.

Book with one author

Carter, R. (1998). Mapping the mind.

                                Berkeley, CA: University of

                                California Press.

Book with two authors

Struck, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979).

                                The elements of style (3rd ed.).

                                New York: Macmillan.

Book with six or more authors

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N.,

                                Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,

                                et al. (2000). An experimental

                                evaluation of…

Book with no author

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary

                                (10^th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:

                                Merriam-Webster.

Book with editors

Allison, M. T., & Schneider, I. E. (Eds.).

                                (2000). Diversity and the recreation

                                profession: Organizational

                                perspectives. State College, PA:

                                Venture.

Chapter in Book

Stern, J. A., & Dunham, D. N. (1990).

                                                The ocular system. In J. T.

                                                Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary (Eds.),

                                                Principles of psychophysiology:

                                                Physical, social, and inferential

                                                elements (pp. 513-553). Berkeley,

                                                CA: University of California Press.

Multivolume book

Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Journals with Continuous Pagination

Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the

                                                typical eyewitness. American

                                                Psychologist, 48, 574-576.

Journals with Pagination by Issue

Sellard, S., & Mills, M. E. (1995).

                                                Administrative issues for use of

                                                nurse practitioners. Journal of

                                                Nursing Administration, 25(5),

                                                64-70.

Article in press

Jones, R. (in press). The new healthcare
     lexicon. Journal of Health.

Abstract

Misumi, J., & Fumita, M. (1982). Effects

                                of PM organizational development in

                                supermarket organization.  Japanese

                                Journal of Experimental Social

                                Psychology, 21, 93-111.  [Abstract]

                                Psychological Abstracts, 1982, 68,

                                Abstract No. 11474

Magazine

Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29).

                                                Seeing the mind. Science, 262,

                                                673-674.

Newspaper

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30).

                                                Obesity affects economic, social

                                                status. The Washington Post, pp.

                                                A1, A4.

Encyclopedia

Blaser, L. (1996). Relativity . In Gale

                                encyclopedia of science (Vol. 15,

                                pp. 82-86).  New York, Gale

                                Encyclopedia Co.

Thesis

Ho, M. (2000). Coping strategies of

                                counselling professionals.

                                Unpublished master’s thesis,

                                Nanyang Technological University,

                                Singapore.

Videotape

National Institute on Mental Health. (1980).

                                Drug abuse [videotape].  Bethesda:

                                Author.

Electronic sources

Velmans, M. (1999). When perception

                                                becomes conscious. British

                                                Journal of Psychology, 90, 543-

                                                566. Retrieved May 25, 2001,

                                                from the Expanded Academic

                                                ASAP database.

Web page

Green, C. (2000, April 16). History &         philosophy of psychology web   resources. Retrieved May 22, 2001,

                                from http://www.yorku.ca/dept.htm

Professional paper from Internet

Jacob, B. & Shoemaker, N. (n.d.).  The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: An interpersonal tool for system administrators.  Retrieved October 19, 2003 from: http://www.mindspring.com/~nancyshoemaker/nes/mbti/mbtipaper.pdf

Stand-Alone Web Document with no author or date

GVU’s 8^th WWW user survey. (n.d.).

                                Retrieved January 17, 2003, from

                                http://www.ccgatech.edu/gvu

Sample Reference List

                                                                                                                References
Calvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August                                               21, 2002 from: http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html
Flory, R. K. (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-food                                                              interval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 12, 825-828.
Flory, R. K. (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of                                                                               reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16, 383-386.
Flory, R. K. & Everist, H.D. (1977). The effect of a response requirement on                                                          schedule-                induced aggression.  Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9,                                                          383-386.
Gentry, W. D. (1968). Fixed-ratio schedule-induced aggression. Journal of the                                    Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11, 813-817.

Formatting for Theses

Preliminary pages

Bibliography instead of Reference List

Left-hand margin 1½ inch

Single spacing in tables, long quotations, within references

Figure caption is typed below

For More Information

APA Manual Website:

www.apastyle.org